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''Shall'' and ''will'' are two of the English modal verbs. They have various uses, including the expression of propositions about the future, in what is usually referred to as the future tense of English. The traditional prescriptive grammar rule stated that, when expressing pure futurity (without any additional meaning such as desire or command), ''shall'' was to be used when the subject was in the first person (''I'' or ''we''), and ''will'' in other cases. In practice this rule is commonly not adhered to by any group of English speakers, and many speakers do not differentiate between ''will'' and ''shall'' when expressing futurity, with the use of ''will'' being much more common and less formal than ''shall''. In many specific contexts, however, a distinction still continues. ''Shall'' is widely used in bureaucratic documents, especially documents written by lawyers. Due to heavy misuse, its meaning is vague and the US Government's Plain Language group advises writers not to use the word. ==Etymology== The verb ''shall'' derives from Old English ''sceal''. Its cognates in other Germanic languages include Old Norse ''skal'', German ''soll'', and Dutch ''zal''; these all represent *''skol-'', the o-grade of Indo-European *''skel''-. All of these verbs function as auxiliaries, representing either simple futurity, or necessity or obligation. The verb ''will'' derives from Old English ''willan'', meaning to want or wish. Cognates include Old Norse ''vilja'', German ''wollen'', Dutch ''willen'', Gothic ''wiljan''. It also has relatives in non-Germanic languages, such as Latin ''velle'' ("wish for") and ''voluptas'' ("pleasure"), and Polish ''woleć'' ("prefer"). All of these forms derive from the e-grade or o-grade of Indo-European *''wel-'', meaning to wish for or desire. Within English, the modal verb ''will'' is also related to the noun ''will'' and the regular lexical verb ''will'' (as in "She willed him on"). Early Germanic did not inherit any Proto-Indo-European forms to express the future tense, and so the Germanic languages have innovated by using auxiliary verbs to express the future (this is evidenced in Gothic and in the earliest recorded Germanic expressions). In English, ''shall'' and ''will'' are the auxiliaries that came to be used for this purpose. (Another one used as such in Old English was ''mun'', which is related to Scots ''maun'' and Modern English ''must''.) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shall and will」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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